The Northumbrians: North-East England and Its People: A New History

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Colls, Robert (2007). Northumbria: History and Identity 547-2000. The History Press LTD; First Edition. p.151. ISBN 978-1860774713. Bosworth, Joseph (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Clarendon Press. Dan defines Northumbrians as coming from Newcastle and the historic counties of Northumberland and Durham, which existed from the Middle Ages

Wood, Ian (2008). "Thrymas, Sceattas and the Cult of the Cross". Two Decades of Discovery. Studies in Early Medieval Coinage. Vol.1. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp.23–30. ISBN 978-1-84383-371-0. Factors include centuries of being a warring, frontier zone which bred a tough, hardman culture, with this transferring into the region’s later industrial world where work like mining, seafaring, shipyards and factories was a dangerous business. Neuman de Vegvar, Carol L. (1990). The Northumbrian Golden Age: The Parameters of a Renaissance. University Microfilms.By 679, the Northumbrian hegemony seems to have started to fall apart. The Irish annals record a Mercian victory over Ecgfrith at which Ecgfrith's brother, Ælfwine of Deira, was killed. [9] Sieges were recorded at Dunnottar, in the northernmost region of the "Southern Pictish Zone" near Stonehaven in 680, and at Dundurn in Strathearn in 682. [10] The antagonists in these sieges are not recorded, but the most reasonable interpretation is thought to be that Bridei's forces were the assailants. [11]

After the English from Wessex absorbed the Danish-ruled territories in the southern part of the former kingdom, Scots invasions reduced the rump Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Tees to the Tweed. The surviving Earldom of Northumbria was then disputed between the emerging kingdoms of England and Scotland, to be split roughly in half along the River Tweed. The first King of Northumbria to convert to Christianity was King Edwin. He was baptized by Paulinus in 627. [79] Shortly thereafter, many of his people followed his conversion to the new religion, only to return to paganism when Edwin was killed in 633. Paulinus was Bishop of York, but only for a year. [80] An all-party pressure group plans to re-create the ancient kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015.The Lindisfarne Gospels". British Broadcasting Corp. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2013. Downham, Clare (2004). "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? The Mystery of the Last Scandinavian King of York". Medieval Scandinavia. 14: 51–77. Kingdom (654–954) [ edit ] Communities and divisions [ edit ] Possible Celtic British origins [ edit ] Nature Journal (19 March 2015). "The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population". Nature. 519 (7543): 309–314. Bibcode: 2015Natur.519..309.. doi: 10.1038/nature14230. PMC 4632200. PMID 25788095.

Cummins, WA (2009). The Age of the Picts (2nded.). Brimscombe Port Stroud, Gloucester: The History Press.

Venning, Timothy (30 January 2014). The Kings & Queens of Anglo-Saxon England. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-2459-4. Northumbria was again the most powerful kingdom in Britain (as it had been under Edwin) and Oswiu took the rest of Mercia in 656 CE after the death of Peada. He was driven out by Wulfhere (one of Penda's sons, r. 658-675 CE) in 658 CE but still held Northumbria. In 664 CE he presided over the Synod of Whitby which was called to resolve the differences between Roman Catholic and Celtic Christianity; he ruled in favor of Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Northumbria. MacLean, Douglas (1997). "King Oswald's wooden Cross at Heavenfield in Context". In Catherine E. Karkov; Michael Ryan; Robert T. Farrell (eds.). The Insular Tradition: A Resource Manual. SUNY Press. pp.79–98. ISBN 978-0-7914-3455-0. In 865 CE, the Vikings halted their practice of periodic hit-and-run raids and invaded Britain in full force. The Great Heathen Army, as it was called by medieval scribes, landed at East Anglia and subdued it and then marched on Northumbria, conquered it, and then took most of Mercia. Northumbria seems to have been taken easily because of conflict between two kings, neither of whose dates are known: Osberht and Aelle.

Between the years of 737AD and 806AD, Northumbria had ten kings, [68] all of whom were murdered, deposed, or exiled or became monks. Between Oswiu, the first king of Northumbria in 654, and Eric Bloodaxe, the last king of Northumbria in 954, there were forty-five kings, meaning that the average length of reign during the entire history of Northumbria is only six and a half years. Of the twenty-five kings before the Danish rule of Northumbria, only four died of natural causes. Of those that did not abdicate for a holy life, the rest were either deposed, exiled, or murdered. Kings during the Danish rule of Northumbria (see Danelaw) were often either kings of a larger North Sea or Danish empire, or were installed rulers. [69] In the confusion of the post-Roman era, many polities emerges, some claiming connections across the North Sea. Sturluson, Snorri (1964). Hollander, Lee M. (ed.). Heimskringla; history of the kings of Norway. Austin: Published for the American-Scandinavian Foundation by the University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292732629. The Northumbrian focus on the practice of Christianity produced two of the finest scholars of the age: Bede (c. 672-735 CE) & Alcuin (c. 735-804 CE). Alarmed at Northumbria’s growing influence, a combined Welsh and Mercian force defeats and kills Northumbrian king Edwin at the battle of Hatfield.

In addition to Bernicia and Deira, some other British place names are recorded for important Northumbrian locations. Northumbrian scholar Bede ( c. 731) and Welsh chronicler Nennius (ninth-century) both provide British place names for centres of power. Nennius, for example, refers to the royal city of Bamburgh as Din Guaire. [8] [9] [10] [7] Bede (1898). Miller, Thomas (ed.). The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Early English Text Society. Original series,no. 95-96, 110–111. London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. hdl: 2027/yale.39002053190329. Schapiro, Meyer (1980). Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Catholic and Mediaeval Art. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-2514-1. Butler, Alban (1866). "St. Bega, or Bees, of Ireland, Virgin". The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints. Dublin: James Duffy. The crown regarded Durham as part of Northumberland until the late 13th century. In 1293 the Bishop of Durham and his steward failed to attend proceedings of quo warranto held by the justices of Northumberland. The bishop's case was heard in Parliament, where he stated that Durham lay outside the bounds of any English shire. [25] The arguments appear to have been accepted, as by the fourteenth century Durham was accepted as a liberty which received royal mandates direct. In effect it was a private shire, with the bishop appointing his own sheriff. [26] The area thus became known as the " County Palatine of Durham". Hexhamshire, which had been transferred to the See of York by Henry I, was first referred to as a separate County Palatinate in the 14th century. [27] However, in 1572 it was reintegrated into Northumberland proper. From thereon, the region would be permanently divided into two separate counties: the County of Northumberland and County Palatine of Durham.